Biology

Life form	Perennial
Type form	Psammophyte
Photosynthesis	C3

Phenology

Blooming

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Fruiting

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Map Localization

Ecology

Adaptation	Colonizer of sea sands and resistant to spray with climates ranging from arid to humid. Represents an important ecological potential for its soil fixation.
Salt bladder	yes
Invasive	no

Geographical distribution

Localization	Biocimatic stage	Annuel pluviometry (mm)	GPS
Djerba             (Sidi Jmour, Déc.2013)	Higher arid	209	33°49'55.12"N/10°44'54.37"E
Monastir (Skanès, Palais Nov.2014; Oct.2015)	Inferior semi-arid	331	35°46'45.06"N/10°47'16.74"E
Cap Bon (Soliman Fév. 2016)	Superior semi-arid	444	36°43'49.02"N/10°28'2.02"E

General uses

Most of the plant is eaten raw or cooked, despite a marked bitterness. Its very bitter taste is used mainly as aroma. The young leaves are added to the salad, the older leaves can be mixed with soft tasting leaves.   The dried root powder is mixed with cereal flours to make bread in case of famine.

Medicinal uses

"Properties: diuretic, aperitive, digestive, purgative. It is used to treat infectious diseases and to clean the lungs of viscous mucus. Recent properties: antifungals, insecticides, antibacterials, antinematodes, antioxidants and antimutagenics used in the treatment of demyelinating diseases, it could also help cure jaundice and dropsy and in case of scrofulous affections and lymphatic disturbances. Combined with vitamin B5, it is used in cosmetics as a moisturizer, skin and it also preserves the health and luster of hair.

NOTE : This website is not that of herbal medicine and assumes no responsibility for the negative effects of the use of plants. Seek advice from a professional before using a medicinal plant.

Systems / Organs / Effects

Digestive System

Reproductive System

Nervous System

Urinary System

Respiratory System

Mouth / Teeth

Hypolipedemic

Hypoglycemic

Anti-cancer

Skin

Scalp

Dispersion mode

• Hydrochoria (water), Barochore (gravity)

Germination

Duration

Image

Description of the seeds

Form	elliptical
External structure	any
Ornamentation	any
Type of seed
Average length of 10 seeds	4± 0,1 (mm)
Average width of 10 seeds	2 ± 0,1 (mm)
Average thickness of 10 seeds	1 ± 0,1 (mm)
Average mass of 100 seeds	(g)

Test results

TPC	DPPH	ABTS+	FRAP	Year
mg GAE g-1 MS	CI50 g ml-1	CI50 g ml-1	CE50 g ml-1
18,72± 0,66	157,87± 2,73	47,17± 0,57	246,40± 2,68	2016

Total Phenols content(TPC), Anti-radical potentialities against (DPPH, ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)

Molecules : ADN / Proteins

Chromosomes : 18	Uniprot	NCBI

Chemical composition

	Name
Fatty acid	Erucic acid link
Lipid	Sterol link
Terpene	Triterpenes (C30H48)
Phenolic compounds	Coumarine link Flavonoïdes
Other compouds	2-methyl butyl glucosinolate Alkaloides link Glucotropaeolin link
Vitamins	Vitamin C link
Other compounds	Sulphur glycosides

Tunisian references

Ben Amor N, Jiménez A, Megdiche W, Lundqvist M, Sevilla F, Abdelly C.(2006). Response of antioxidant systems to NaCl stress in the halophyte Cakile maritima.Physiologia Plantarum 126: 446–457.

Ben Hamed-Louati I, Bouteau F, Abdelly C et al. (2016). Impact of repetitive salt shocks on seedlings of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Environ Control Biol 54:23–30.

Debez A, Ben Rejeb K, Ghars MA, Gandour M, Megdiche W, Ben Hamed K, Ben Amor N, Brown SC, Savouré A, Abdelly C. (2013).Ecophysiological and genomic analysis of salt tolerance of Cakile maritima. Elsevier 92: 64–72 9.

Debez A, Hans-Peter Braun, Andreas Pich, Wael Taamalli, Hans-Werner Koyro, Chedly Abdelly, Bernhard Huchzermeyer. (2012). Proteomic and physiological responses of the halophyte Cakile maritima to moderate salinity at the germinative and vegetative stages JOURNAL OF PROTEOMIC S 75 : 5667 – 5694 11.

Debez A, Benhamed K, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2004). Salinity effects on germination, growth, and seed production of the halophyte Cakile maritima, Plant Soil 262: 179-189. 10.

Gandour M, Tamaalli W,Trabelsi N, Hessini K, Sebei K, Debez A, Abdelly C. (2011). How to optimize the seed and seed-oil production in the cash crop halophyte Cakile maritima? Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5: 5982-5987, 9. 13.

Ghars M, Debez A, Smaoui A, Zarrouk M, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2006). Variability of fruit and seed-oil characteristics in Tunisian accessions of the halophyte cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) MA Khan and DJ Weber (eds.), Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants, 55-67. 14.

Houta O, Neffati M, Amri H. (2012). Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Potential of Cakile maritimum JBAPN . 2 (6), pp. 387.

Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Debez A, Falleh H, Grignon C and Abdelly C .(2007). Salinity effects on polyphenal content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 45(3/4): 244-249.

Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Debez A, Falleh H, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2007). Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry ,45: 244-249.

Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Jallali I, Debez A, Magné C, Isoda Hiroko I, Abdelly C .(2012). Medicinal halophytes: potent source of health promoting biomolecules with medical, nutraceutical and food applications Critical Reviews in Biotechnology; 32: 289–326. 18.

Nader Ben Amor, Ana Jime´nez, Wided Megdiche, Marianne Lundqvist, Francisca Sevilla and Chedly Abdelly .(2006).Response of antioxidant systems to NaCl stress in the halophyte Cakile maritima .Physiologia Plantarum 126: 446–457.

Shiri M, Rabhi M, El Amrani A, Abdelly C (2015) The halophyte Cakile maritima reduces phenanthrene phytotoxicity. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(10): 925-8.

Taamalli M, Ghabriche R, Amari T, Mnasri M, Zolla L, Lutts S, Abdely C, Ghnaya T(2014). Comparative study of Cd tolerance and accumulation potential between Cakile maritima L. (halophyte) and Brassica juncea L. Ecological Engineering : 71 623–627.

Zarrouk M, Elalmi H, Benyoussef N, Sleimi IN, Smaoui A, Benmiled C, Abdelly C.(2003). Lipid composition of local halophytes seeds: Cakile maritima, Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum, in: H. Lieth, M. Mochtchenko (Eds.), CasCrop Halophytes: Recent Studies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 121-126.

Other references

Ahmed M., Abd El-Gawad Ibrahim, Mashaly A and Rasool Al-Nafie I. (2015). Antioxidant activity and allelopathic potential of five wild plants on germination and growth of bidens pilosa l. International Journal of Current Research Vol. 7, Issue, 10, pp.21019-21024.

César V C (2006).Seed characteristics and dispersal of dimorphic fruit segments of Cakile maritima Scopoli (Brassicaceae) population of southern Brazilian coastal dunesRevista Brasil. Bot., V.29, n.2, p.259-265 .

Clausing G, Vickers K, Kadereit JW .(2000). Historical biogeography in linear system: genetic variation of Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima) and Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum) along European coasts. Molecular Ecology 9: 1823–1833.

Cody ML and Cody TWD. (2004). Morphology and spatial distribution of alien sea-rockets (Cakile spp.) on south Australian and Western Canadian beaches. Australian J. of Botany, 52(2):175-183.

Dauguet JC, Maume D, Dallemagne P. (1985). The polyphenols of Cakile maritima. Plantes médicinales et phytothérapie. 19:277–85.1.

Davy J, Scott R, Cordazzo CV. (2006). Biological flora of the British Isles: Cakile maritima Scop. Journal of Ecology, 94, 695–711. 8.

Fabre B, Dussert AS (2000) Extrait de Cakile maritima et composition cosmétique le contenant. International patent application. WO 00/71143 A1. 12.

Gormally CL, Hamrick JL, Donovan Lisa A. (2011). GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A WIDELY DISPERSED BEACH ANNUAL, CAKILE EDENTULA (BRASSICACEAE) American Journal of Botany 98(10): 1657–1662.

Jianu LD, R Bercu, R Dan Popoviciu .(2014). Anatomical features of the endengered plant cakile maritima scop. subsp. euxina(POBED.) NYR. Annals of West University of Timi?oara, ser. Biology, vol XVII (2), pp.79-86.

Pakeman RJ, Lee JA. (1991). The ecology of the strandline annuals Cakile maritima and Salsola kali. 2. The role of nitrogen in controlling plant performance. Journal of Ecology, 79: 155–165.

Radwan HM, Shams KhA, Tawfik WA, Soliman AM. (2008). Investigation of the Glucosinolates and Lipids Constituents of Cakile maritima (Scope) growing in Egypt and Their Biological Activity Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3: 182-187.

Rodman JE .(1986). Introduction, establishment, and replacement of sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) in Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 13: 159–171.

Rodman JE .(1980). Population variation and hybridization in sea-rockets (Cakile, Cruciferae) – seed glucosinolate characters. American Journal of Botany, 67: 1145–1159.

Rodman JE .(1976). Differentiation and migration of Cakile, (Cruciferae): seed glucosinolate evidence. Systematic Botany, 1: 137–148.

Rodman JE. (1974). Systematics and evolution of the genus Cakile (Cruciferae). Contributions of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, 205: 3–146.