Biology

Life form	Annual
Type form	Therophyte
Photosynthesis	C3

Phenology

Blooming

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Fruiting

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Map Localization

Ecology

Adaptation	It is native to the North American continent, grows in arid open areas, such as roadside or abandoned plots and also in fields, orchards or clearings.
Salt bladder	yes
Invasive	yes

Geographical distribution

Localization	Biocimatic stage	Annuel pluviometry (mm)	GPS
Monastir (Déc . 2013; Juillet 2016)	Inferior semi-arid	331	35°44'58.76"N / 10°49'35.27"E 35°46'2.41"N / 10°48'56.89"E
Sousse (Hamam Sousse, Août 2016)	Inferior semi-arid	331	35°57'58.64"N / 10°32'1.44"E

General uses

Effective against molluscs and nematodes. It is used to curdle the milk to obtain a kind of cheese and to tan the skins.

Medicinal uses

"It is used in various preparations to treat sore throats and teeth by chewing the root or berries of the plant and to treat problems affecting the respiratory tract, especially in the nose and throat. It has anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

NOTE : This website is not that of herbal medicine and assumes no responsibility for the negative effects of the use of plants. Seek advice from a professional before using a medicinal plant.

Systems / Organs / Effects

Reproductive System

Respiratory System

Mouth / Teeth

Antiseptic

Astringent

Dispersion mode

• Barochore (gravity)

Germination

Duration

Image

Description of the seeds

Form
External structure
Ornamentation
Type of seed
Average length of 10 seeds	± (mm)
Average width of 10 seeds	± (mm)
Average thickness of 10 seeds	± (mm)
Average mass of 100 seeds	(g)

Test results

TPC	DPPH	ABTS+	FRAP	Year
mg GAE g-1 MS	CI50 g ml-1	CI50 g ml-1	CE50 g ml-1
11,76± 1,15	19,68± 0,75	36,69± 0,69	189,84± 11,32	2016

Total Phenols content(TPC), Anti-radical potentialities against (DPPH, ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)

Molecules : ADN / Proteins

Chromosomes : 24	Uniprot	NCBI

Chemical composition

	Name
Phenolic compounds	Flavonoïdes Kaempferol link
Alkaloides	Solasodine link

Tunisian references

Other references

Boyd JW.and Murray DS. (1982). Growth and developpement of Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium). Weed science 30, 238­-243.

Brunel S.(2003). Solanum elaeagnifolium (Cav.). Plantes envahissantes de la région méditerranéenne, Agence méditerranéenne de l’environnement, Agence Régionale Pour l’Environnement Provence­Alpes­Côte d’Azur.

Brunel S. (2005). Study on invasive plants in the Mediterranean Basin. W.C. Union, IUCN: 54 p.

Chevrat C.(2005). Action d’éradication de la Morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium cav.) sur la commune de Châteauneuf­les­martigues, le 5 août2005. Montpellier, Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles: 6 p.

Goeden RD. (1971). Insect ecology of silverleaf nightshade. Weed Science19, 45–51.

Mekki M.(2005). Potential threat of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. to theTunisian fields. Proceedings of the International Workshop : Invasive Plants in Mediterranean Type Regions of the World, Mèze, Council of Europe publishing.

Molnar VM and McKenzie DN (1976) Progress Report on Silverleaf Nightshade Research. Pamphlet no. 61. Keith Turnbull Research Institute, Victoria (AU).

Rutherford PA. (1978). Effect of time of immersion in running and still water on the germination of silver­leaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium). Proceedings of the first conference of the Council of Australian Weed Science Societies, pp. 372–378.

­ Synthèse des travaux effectués au Maroc. Rabat,Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Mise en valeur Agricole ­ Royaume du Maroc: 130 p.
Taleb A and Bouhache M.(2005). Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur les plantes envahissantes au Maroc. Proceedings of the International Workshop : Invasive Plants in Mediterranean Type Regions of the World, Mèze, Council of europe publishing.Bouhache, M. and A. Ameur (1994). Projet Morelle Jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.)

Tscheulin T, Petanidou T et al. (2009). The impact of Solanum elaeagnifolium, an invasive plant in the Mediterranean, on the flower visitation and seed set of the native co­flowering species Glaucium flavum. Plant Ecology 205(1): 77­85.

Wassermann VD, Zimmermann HG & Neser S. (1988). The Weed Silverleaf Bitter Apple (‘Satansbos’) (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) with special reference to its status in South Africa. Technical Communication no. 214. Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria (ZA).

Zaki N, Eljadd EL, Oihabi A, Tanji A & Hilali S (1995) Effet de la combinaison de la lutte chimique et mécanique sur la Morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) Deuxième congrès de l’AMPP, Rabat (MA).