Biology

Life form	Perennial
Type form	Nanophanerophyte
Photosynthesis	C4

Phenology

Blooming

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Fruiting

JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember

Map Localization

Ecology

Adaptation	It is a species of the littoral and sebkhas. It requires little maintenance, adapts to poor land and is resistant to salt spray.
Salt bladder	yes
Invasive	no

Geographical distribution

Localization	Biocimatic stage	Annuel pluviometry (mm)	GPS
Monastir (Sahline (Janv.2014));(Skhanès (Déc.2013; Juillet 2016));(Sidi Ghedamssi (Fév.2016))	Inferior semi-arid	331	35°46'8.35"N/10°42'42.48"E 35°46'42.03"N/10°47'39.47"E 35°46'56.11"N/10°49'59.82"E
Sousse (Nefidha, Déc. 2013)	Inferior semi-arid	354	36° 1'9.63"N 10°25'35.44"E

General uses

It is cultivated for the ornamentation of the edges of the roads, green spaces and gardens. It forms protective hedges in the seaside gardens. It is appetized by all herbivores especially goats and dromedaries.   It is consumed by seabirds because its leaves are rich in nutrients and used as man food at times of severe famine:   to prepare special couscous, "bethboutha" in Gafsa and "mesfouf" in Mednine where it was said that "the one who has the" Gtaf "will never starve". The seeds were harvested, crushed with wood mortar and eaten in slabs or boiled.

Medicinal uses

"The plant treats inflammations and it is used to heal wounds. It is used in decoction against cold, intestinal worms, cardiac arrhythmia.

NOTE : This website is not that of herbal medicine and assumes no responsibility for the negative effects of the use of plants. Seek advice from a professional before using a medicinal plant.

Systems / Organs / Effects

Digestive System

Respiratory System

Hypolipedemic

Hypoglycemic

Dispersion mode

• Barochore (gravity)

Germination

Duration

Image

Description of the seeds

Form	lenticular
External structure	any
Ornamentation	any
Type of seed	albumen
Average length of 10 seeds	2.3 ± 0,1 (mm)
Average width of 10 seeds	1.3 ± 0,1 (mm)
Average thickness of 10 seeds	0.1 ± 0,01 (mm)
Average mass of 100 seeds	(g)

Test results

TPC	DPPH	ABTS+	FRAP	Year
mg GAE g-1 MS	CI50 g ml-1	CI50 g ml-1	CE50 g ml-1
7,54± 0,24	379,22± 20,49	519,62± 6,29	761,55± 18,87	2016

Total Phenols content(TPC), Anti-radical potentialities against (DPPH, ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)

Molecules : ADN / Proteins

Chromosomes : 18	Uniprot	NCBI

Chemical composition

	Name
Terpene	Essentiel oils
Phenolic acids	Sinapic acid link
Phenolic compounds	Coumarine link Polyphenols Flavonoïdes Isorhamnetin link Kaempferol link Patuletin link Quercetine link Spinacetin link Tannins link Tricin link
Other compouds	Alkaloides Protein Saponin
Vitamins	Vitamin A Vitamin C link Vitamin D

Tunisian references

Bendaly A, Messedi D, Smaoui A, Ksouri R, Bouchereau A and Abdelly C (2016). Physiological and leaf metabolome changes in the xerohalophyte species Atriplex halimus induced by salinity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 103, 208-218.

Chaieb M et Boukhris M (1998). Flore succinte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de Tunisie. Association pour la protection de la nature et de l’environnement, Sfax. 187 p.

Debez, A., W. Chaibi and S. Bouzid (2001). Effect of NaCl and growth regulators on germination of Atriplex halimus L. Cahiers Agricultures. 10, 2, 135-138.

Smaoui, A., Z. Barhoumi, M. Rabhi and C. Abdelly (2011). Localization of potential ion transport pathways in vesicular trichome cells of Atriplex halimus L. Protoplasma. 248, 2, 363-372.

Other references

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Alla MMN, Khedr AHA, Serag MM, Abu-Alnaga AZ and Nada RM (2012). Regulation of metabolomics in Atriplex halimus growth under salt and drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 67, 3, 281-304.

Andres IM (1989). Leaf anatomy of plants from costal mediterranean salt marshes dicotyledons. Candollea. 44, 2, 435-452.

Aouissat M, Belkhoja M, Hcini K, Walker DJ and Correal E (2009). Estimation of nuclear DNA content in Algerian populations of Atriplex halimus and Atriplex canescens by flow cytometry. Anales de Biologia. 31, 15-18.

Aronson JA, D Pasternak and A Danon (1988). Introduction and first evaluation of 120 halophytes under seawater irrigation. In: Arid lands : today and tomorrow : proceedings of an international research and development conference, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., October 20-25, 1985. 737. -746.

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Bajji M, JM Kinet and S Lutts (2002). Osmotic and ionic effects of NaCl on germination, early seedling growth, and ion content of Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique. 80, 3, 297-304.

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Haddi ML, S Filacorda, K Meniai, F Rollin and P Susmel (2003). In vitro fermentation kinetics of some halophyte shrubs sampled at three stages of maturity. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 104, 1-4, 215-225.

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Le Houerou HN (1980). Browse in Africa - the current state of knowledge.

Le Houerou HN (1986). Salt tolerant plants of economic value in the mediterranean basin. Reclamation & Revegetation Research. 5, 1-3, 319. -341.

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Manousaki E and N Kalogerakis (2009). Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd by the Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.): metal uptake in relation to salinity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 16, 7, 844-854.

Melone L, GS Valenti and G Dondero (1988). Atriplex-halimus l. Some germination features in relation to the seed polymorphism and to the medium salinity.Bollettino Societa Italiana Biologia Sperimentale. 64, 10, 877-884.

Miloud A, M Belkhoja, K Hcini, DJ Walker, E Correal (2009). Estimation of nuclear DNA content in Algerian populations of Atriplex halimus and Atriplex canescens by flow cytometry Anales de Biologia 31: 15-18.

Mirsky et Nitsa (2001). Naturally extracted and synthetic hypoglycemic or hypolipidemic compositions. Application N°. US 09/842971. http:// www. freepatentsonline.com.

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Mozafar A, JR Goodin and JJ Oertli (1970). Sodium and potassium Interactions in increasing the salt tolerance of Atriplex halimus L. : II. Na+ and K+ uptake characteristics. Agronomy Journal. 62, 481-484.

Munoz-Rodriguez AF, P Rodriguez-Rubio, FJJ Nieva, F Fernandez-Illescas, E Sanchez-Gullon, JM Soto, V Hermoso-Lopez and B Marquez-Garcia (2012). the importance of bracteoles in ensuring atriplex halimus germination under optimal conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 21, 11C, 3521-3526.
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